What plants contain sodium fluoroacetate?
Sources. Fluoroacetate occurs naturally in a variety of plants known to poison livestock in Africa (Dichapetalum cymosum and D. toxicarum), Australia (Acacia georginae, Gastrolobium spp and Oxylobium spp), and South America (Palicourea marcgravii).
What is sodium fluoroacetate used for?
Sodium fluoroacetate is an acute toxicant predacide which is used against coyotes which prey on sheep and goats. Registered end-use products are injected into the rubber reservoirs of the Livestock Protection collars, also referred to as the “toxic collar”, which are strapped to the throats of sheep or goats.
Where is sodium fluoroacetate found?
Sodium fluoroacetate is the salt of a naturally occurring toxin which is found in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. Naturally occurring fluoroacetate can be found in Gastrolobium minus (family: Fabaceae), a flowering plant in Western Australia and often referred to as the ‘poison pea.
How does fluoroacetate affect cellular respiration?
Fluoroacetate enters the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle in place of acetate and is converted to fluorocitrate, which competitively inhibits aconitase and thereby prevents the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. This leads to citrate accumulation, reducing glucose metabolism, energy stores, and cellular respiration.
What plant does 1080 poison come from?
Gastrolobium species
Most native plants containing 1080 occur within the pea bush family of Gastrolobium species, found mostly in Western Australia; some of the Gidgee species of Queensland and the Northern Territory also contain this chemical.
What does 1080 poison look like?
Compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate), also known as sodium monofluoroacetate, fluoroacetate or “ten eighty”, is a white water-soluble powder that is tasteless to most species. It is a highly toxic and effective pesticide used to control pest animals.
Is sodium fluoroacetate harmful to humans?
Ingestion is the major route by which fluoroacetate poisoning occurs. The oral dose of fluoroacetate sufficient to be lethal to most humans is 2–10 mg/kg. [5] Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are common within 1 hour of ingestion.
Why is fluoroacetate toxic?
Fluoroacetate (FA; CH2FCOOR) is highly toxic towards humans and other mammals through inhibition of the enzyme aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, caused by ‘lethal synthesis’ of an isomer of fluorocitrate (FC). FA is found in a range of plant species and their ingestion can cause the death of ruminant animals.
What plant does 1080 come from?
How does fluoroacetate affect TCA cycle?
Fluorocitrate inhibits aconitase and the oxidation of citric acid, resulting in the blockage of the TCA cycle, energy depletion, citrate and lactate accumulation, and a decrease in blood pH.
Does sodium fluoroacetate inhibit Phosphofructokinase?
It is suggested that the species and organ difference noted in the effects of fluoroacetate are due to an interplay between citrate inhibition of phosphofructokinase, which curtails the supply of dicarboxylic acids to the Krebs cycle, and inhibition of the cycle itself by the relative concen- trations of citrate and …
Is 1080 toxic to plants?
Many plant species worldwide naturally produce the toxic component of 1080, fluoroacetate. Whether produced by plants or made for 1080, the toxic effect is identical.
What is sodium fluoroacetate?
Sodium fluoroacetate is water-soluble, and residues from uneaten baits leach into the soil where they are degraded to non-toxic metabolites by soil microorganisms, including bacteria ( Pseudomonas) and the common soil fungus ( Fusarium solani) (David and Gardiner, 1966; Bong, Cole and Walker, 1979; Walker and Bong, 1981).
Where are fluoroacetate plants found?
The southern continents of Africa, Australia and South America are the common locations of these plants. All of the plants containing fluoroacetate belong to the families Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malpighiaceae and Dichapetalaceae [ 11 ].
Does fluoroacetate biosynthesis in plants have a selective advantage?
Fluoroacetate biosynthesis seems to be relatively widespread, however some plants clearly have evolved to accumulate high concentrations, giving them a selective advantage from predation by animals. This review will focus mainly on toxicity of fluoroacetate but some plants also contain fluorocitrate, fluoroacetone and fluorofatty acid compounds.
What is the highest level of fluoroacetate in a seed?
The seeds of D. braunii can contain levels of fluoroacetate up to 8000 mg/kg, which is the highest ever recorded [ 13 ]. Fluoroacetate is also present in plants from South America, particularly Palicourea marcgravii, which can contain levels up to 500 mg/kg [ 14 ].